国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组关于地方口岸管理机构职责范围暂行规定的通知(附英文)

1987年4月15日，国务院办公厅

通知
各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各部委、各直属机构：
国务院同意口岸领导小组《地方口岸管理机构职责范围暂行规定》，现转发给你们，请贯彻执行。
口岸作为对外开放的门户，涉外单位较多，而各单位隶属关系又不统一，各有自己的规章制度，因此相互间经常出现一些矛盾，如果各自为政，势必妨碍工作的开展，甚至对外造成不良影响。实践证明，从中央到地方建立各级口岸管理机构是必要的，也是提高口岸综合能力的一种好形式。
为了加强口岸管理工作，口岸所在地的省（区）、市人民政府应由一名主管副省长（副主席）、副市长直接领导口岸管理工作，使口岸管理工作逐步走上正规化、制度化、规范化、现代化，以适应国民经济发展和日益增长的对外贸易、科技交流及人员往来的需要。

地方口岸管理机构职责范围暂行规定
为了搞好口岸管理工作，根据国务院《关于进一步加强口岸工作领导的通知》精神，现对地方口岸管理委员会、口岸办公室的职责范围作如下规定：
一、地方口岸管理委员会、口岸办公室是口岸所在地的省（区）、市人民政府直接领导的口岸管理机构，负责管理和协调处理本地区的海、陆、空口岸工作。
二、负责贯彻执行党中央、国务院有关口岸工作的方针、政策和规定，并根据本地区口岸的具体情况制定实施细则。
三、主持平衡所管辖口岸的外贸运输计划，检查和贯彻执行经中央平衡下达的运输计划，并加强预报、预测工作。
四、组织口岸的集疏运工作。组织有关方面签订经济协议。组织路、港、贸的协作配合，加强车、船、货的衔接，加速车船周转和货物集散，保证口岸畅通。
五、督促检查口岸检查检验单位，按各自的职责和规定，对出入境人员、交通工具、货物和行李物品进行监督管理以及检查、检验、检疫等工作。
六、负责协调处理口岸各单位（包括外贸运输、船货代理、装卸理货、仓储转运、检查检验、公证鉴定、对外索赔、供应服务、接待宣传等有关单位）之间的矛盾，具有仲裁职能。协调处理口岸各单位矛盾时，应遵循以下几项原则：
（一）凡属国务院几个部门联合下达的规定，应共同贯彻执行。对于未征得原联合下达部门同意，单方改变规定的，地方口岸管理机构有权不予执行。
（二）因国务院各主管部门之间的规章制度不一致而造成的争议，地方口岸管理机构应及时提出处理意见，报国务院口岸领导小组办公室解决。
（三）地方口岸管理机构对于在工作中发生的涉外问题，必须严格执行请示报告制度。属于口岸各单位不能自行决定的一般的涉外问题，应请示省（自治区、直辖市）有关单位研究处理。属于重大的涉外问题，应连同省（自治区、直辖市）有关单位的意见一起报请国务院主管部门研究处理。对时间非常紧急的重大涉外问题，可以直接请示国务院主管部门并报告省（自治区、直辖市）有关单位。
（四）口岸各单位在工作中有认识不一致的问题，应遵循国家有关规定，首先协商解决对外问题。如不能协商一致，由地方口岸管理机构或由地方口岸管理机构请示当地人民政府作出决定。
（五）属于协作配合方面的矛盾和纠纷，当地口岸管理机构应及时组织协调，遇有紧急情况有权作出仲裁。
口岸各有关单位对于地方口岸管理机构按上述原则作出的决定，必须执行。
七、负责组织口岸各单位对职工进行涉外政策、纪律和加强治安的宣传教育，并会同有关部门对口岸重大涉外问题和严重违反纪律的情况进行检查，提出处埋意见。
八、检查督促本地区的口岸规划、建设和技术改造配套工作的组织实施，并促使其同步进行。
九、按国家关于口岸开放的各项政策和规定，负责一、二类口岸开放或关闭的审查、报批工作，并负责组织落实有关具体事宜。
十、开展调查研究，总结交流经验，向上级有关部门反映口岸工作出现的重大矛盾和问题，并提出解决意见。
十一、承办上级领导部门交办的其他事项。
十二、本规定适用于一类口岸所在省、市的口岸管理委员会或口岸办公室。二类口岸管理机构的职责范围，可根据当地口岸的具体情况由省（自治区、直辖市）人民政府作出规定。
国务院口岸领导小组
一九八七年三月三十日

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNINGTRANSMISSION OF THE INTERIM PROVISIONS OF THE LEADING GROUP FOR PORTAFFAIRS ON THE SCOPE OF FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANS FOR PORTAFFAIRS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING
TRANSMISSION OF THE INTERIM PROVISIONS OF THE LEADING GROUP FOR PORT
AFFAIRS ON THE SCOPE OF FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANS FOR PORT
AFFAIRS
(April 15, 1987)
The State Council has approved the Interim Provisions for the Scope of
Functions of Local Administrative Organs for Port Affairs submitted by the
Leading Group for Port Affairs. It is hereby transmitted to you for
implementation.
There are a considerable number of units involving in handling external
matters at ports, which are gateways of China to foreign countries. Under
different systems of subordination and with their own rules and
regulations, contradictions often occur among these units. If each act in
his own way, the work will inevitably be hindered and harmful effects on
foreign relations will be caused. Facts have proved that it is necessary
to establish streamlined administrative organs for port affairs at various
levels and it is an effective measure in raising the comprehensive
capacity of the ports.
In order to strengthen the administration of ports, the relevant people's
governments at the provincial (regional) and the municipal level shall
each appoint a vice governor (vice chairman) and a vice mayor to be
directly responsible for the administration of port affairs so that the
work will gradually become regularized, systematized, standardized and
modernized to meet the needs of the development of the national economy
and the growing foreign trade, scientific and technical exchanges and
personnel interflow.
INTERIM PROVISIONS FOR THE SCOPE OF FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE
ORGANS FOR PORT AFFAIRS
In order to improve the administration of port affairs, the following
provisions are made on the scope of functions of local administrative
commissions for port affairs and offices in charge of port affairs in
accordance with the spirit of the Circular of the State Council Concerning
Further Strengthening Leadership over Port Affairs:
1. Local administrative commissions for port affairs and offices in charge
of port affairs are the administrative organs for port affairs under the
direct leadership of the relevant provincial (regional) or municipal
people's governments and are responsible for the administration and
coordination of port affairs at the marine, land and aerial ports in their
respective areas.
2. They shall be responsible for implementing the principles, policies,
and stipulations of the State concerning port work and shall formulate
rules for their implementation according to the actual conditions in the
ports of their areas.
3. They shall be responsible for balancing the foreign trade transport
plans for the ports under their jurisdiction, checking and ensuring the
implementation of the transport plans balanced and issued by the Central
Government, and enhancing projection and prediction.
4. They shall be responsible for organizing the inward and outward
transportation of goods organizing the relevant parties in signing
economic agreements, coordinating the work of the departments in charge of
railways, harbours and trade, strengthening the loading and unloading of
goods for vehicle and vessels, speeding up the turnover of vehicle and
vessels and the transportation of goods and ensuring the smooth flow of
goods at the ports.
5. They shall be responsible for supervising and checking the work of the
units in charge of inspection and examination at the ports, which shall,
within their respective functions and according to their respective
regulations, conduct supervision and administration of the personnel,
means of transport, goods, luggage and other objects that enter or leave
the country, and fulfil their duties concerning inspection, examination,
quarantine, etc..
6. They shall be responsible for coordinating the work of and handling the
contradictions among the various units at the ports (including units that
are in charge of foreign trade transport, and that handle cargo for other
units or other countries, loading, unloading and tallying of goods,
storage and transshipment, inspection and examination, notarization and
appraisal, claims from foreign countries, supply and services, reception
and publicity, etc.) functioning as arbitration organs. The following
principles should be observed in coordinating the work of and handling the
contradictions among the various units at the ports:
(1) the stipulations which have been jointly formulated and issued by
several departments under the State Council should be implemented by all
the relevant units. Local administrative organs for port affairs have the
right to refuse to implement those stipulations which have been altered
unilaterally by any one department without the agreement of the original
departments that issued them;
(2) if disputes arise due to discrepancies among the rules and regulations
of different competent departments under the State Council, local
administrative organs for port affairs shall promptly report the case to
the Leading Group for Port Affairs of the State Council, with proposals
for the possible solutions;
(3) local administrative organs for port affairs must handle foreign-
related matters in strict accordance with the rule of reports for
instructions. Ordinary foreign-related matters which cannot be coped with
by the units at the ports shall be reported to the relevant units in the
provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central
Government) for consideration and decision. Important foreign-related
matters shall be reported, together with the opinions of the relevant
units of the provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities directly
under the Central Government), to the competent department under the State
Council for consideration decision. Foreign-related matters of great
importance and urgency may be directly reported to the competent
department under the State Council for instructions and reports shall be
sent to the relevant units in the provinces (autonomous regions or
municipalities directly under the Central Government);
(4) in case differences of opinion appear in their work, the units at the
ports should observe the relevant stipulations of the State and give
priority to settling the issues concerning external affairs through
consultation. If agreement cannot be reached through consultation,
decisions shall be made by the local administrative organs for port
affairs or the local people's governments as requested by these organs;
(5) local administrative organs for port affairs shall promptly organize
the relevant units in solving the contradictions and disputes that arise
in their coordination, and are empowered to made arbitrations in emergency
cases.
The various units at the ports must carry out the decisions made by the
local administrative organs for port affairs in the light of the above-
mentioned principles.
7. They shall be responsible for organizing the various units at the ports
in giving publicity to and carrying out education on foreign-related
policies, disciplines and strengthening public security and shall, in
conjunction with the relevant departments, examine important
foreign-related matters at the ports and cases of serious violation of the
disciplines and put forward suggestions concerning the penalties.
8. They shall be responsible for checking and supervising the organization
and implementation of the port plans, their construction and systemized
technical innovations, and for promoting their synchronic progress.
9. They shall be responsible for examining the applications for the
opening or closing of category-1 and category-2 ports, reporting the
applications for approval, and organizing the detailed work in the
implementation, in accordance with the various policies and regulations of
the state concerning the opening of ports.
10. They shall be responsible for carrying out investigations and studies,
summing up and exchanging experience, reporting to the relevant
departments at higher levels the major contradictions and problems which
have emerged in their work, and putting forward proposals for their
solution.
11. They shall be responsible for fulfilling other tasks assigned by
leading departments at higher levels.
12. These Provisions shall apply to the administrative committees for port
affairs or offices for port affairs of the provinces or municipalities
where there are category-1 ports. The scope of functions of the
administrative organs at category-2 ports may be provided by the people's
governments in the relevant provinces (autonomous regions or
municipalities directly under the Central Government) according to the
actual conditions of the local ports.


对违约金调整申请之法官释明的态度目前存在“禁止释明”、“可以释明”、“应当释明”三种学说。

梁慧星教授坚持“禁止释明说”。其理由为：第一，违约金调整权属于当事人的民事实体权利。根据民法的意思自治以及民事诉讼的处分原则，是否申请违约金调整，当事人有其决定自由，法官无权干涉。第二，对“违约金调整的释明”与对“诉讼时效抗辩”的释明属于相似情形。法院应当采取与“禁止对诉讼时效进行释明”相同的立场，否定违约金调整申请的法官释明。第三，对违约金调整申请进行释明，不属于法官的事项范围，违背了“法官不得帮助当事人提出权利抗辩事由和辩论理由”的原则。


笔者认为，上述观点难以成立。理由如下：

首先，对违约金调整申请的释明并不违背意思自治与处分原则。意思自治与处分原则以经济理性及诉讼能力平等为其基本前提。而于现实之中，人之理性往往有限，当事人的诉讼能力亦难以平等。法官释明的目的在于补足当事人一方的诉讼能力，使其知晓自身所享有的申请调整违约金的权利。法官释明之后，当事人依然有权自主决定是否提出申请。因此，法官的合法释明有利于处分权的理性行使和意思自治的充分实现。如果否定法官的释明，将当事人未提起调整申请直接认定为权利的放弃，恰恰是对处分原则的违背和意思自治的侵害。

其次，“诉讼时效抗辩”与“违约金调整申请”二者并非完全一致。尽管时效制度存在某些正当理由，但于实质正义而言，其仍然具有不道德性。如果法官主动释明，无异于是对这种制度的变相帮助，从而使得其“反道德性”肆意扩大。而违约金调整制度的根本目的旨在公平，法官进行释明能更好地促进其正义价值的实现。同时，时效制度的反道德性也与释明制度实现实质正义的制度宗旨存在冲突。

再次，对违约金调整申请进行释明并未超出释明的事项范围。一方面，当事人主张合同不成立、合同无效、不构成违约等行为，也可以被认定为含有对违约金数额存在异议的意思表示。法官对调整申请的释明不过是对诉讼请求方式的释明而已。另一方面，其实释明的事项范围本来就是不断扩大的。随着对辩论主义的合理扩展和有限突破，诉讼请求、证明活动、法律观点等事项都逐渐地被纳入了释明的范围。

对于“法官的释明，可以减轻当事人的诉累，妥当地解决违约金纠纷。”这一立场，笔者认为亦难谓合理。

首先，将释明作为法定义务，因未予释明就构成“程序错误”，形成“上诉理由”，进而让法官背上“误判责任”，并不合理。释明的本质是一种“诉讼帮助权”。它是法院在审判过程中，根据案件的具体情况而做出的一种自由裁量。其制度目的在于帮助诉讼双方实现诉讼能力的实质平等，使诉讼程序得以顺畅实现。因此，在理论上，我国多数学者反对将释明作为一项单纯的义务。

其次，不区分案件具体情形的“一刀切”做法，使得释明制度的立法初衷难以实现。例如，在违约方是房地产开发商、而守约方却是普通买房者时，调整申请的诉讼释明就没有必要。如果法官仍然进行诉讼释明，反而会引起守约方对诉讼公正的否定与怀疑。释明制度的根本价值是：双方当事人诉讼能力的实质平等以及实体正义的最终实现。其具体操作需要依赖法官根据案件的具体情事进行自由裁量。

再次，过度强调释明权与我国诉讼体制转型的趋势存在冲突。我国的民事诉讼体制尚处于由职权主义向当事人主义过渡的转型时期。目前我国司法体制改革的趋势更多的是限制法官的能动性，而不是扩大法官的能动性；是限制法官的权力，而不是扩张法官的权力。盲目地模仿西方，过度强调释明的义务属性，有“瘦子跟着胖子学减肥“的嫌疑。

综上所述，在违约金调整申请上：将释明作为法官的法定义务，让其过分担责“前行太远”；而将释明作为法官的禁止事项，让其完全脱身则又“退步太多”。笔者认为，采取“折中立场”，将释明作为法官职权，让其自由裁量，方是可取之道。


（作者单位：西南政法大学）